What is thermal runaway in relation to batteries?

Thermal runaway in relation to batteries refers to a condition where heat generation within the battery leads to an uncontrollable increase in temperature. This typically occurs when excessive current flows through the battery, causing it to overheat. As the temperature rises, it can cause more internal reactions that generate additional heat, creating a feedback loop that can lead to further temperature increases. This cycle can result in failure of the battery, which may manifest as swelling, leakage, or even thermal events such as fires or explosions.

The correct understanding of thermal runaway highlights the critical importance of monitoring charging conditions and managing thermal environments in battery operation, particularly for lithium-ion and other high-energy batteries. Proper design and safety protocols are essential to prevent such hazardous situations from occurring.